| 1a |
Colony erect or recumbent (with leaflike lobes loosely attached to
the substratum), but not truly encrusting |
2 |
| 1b |
Colony encrusting (but the distal portions of the
zooecia
may be raised up) |
47 |
| 2a |
Colony consisting mostly of stiff, two-layered folds |
3 |
| 2b |
Colony not consisting mostly of stiff, two-layered folds |
6 |
| 3a |
Most of the frontal
of the zooecia with numerous
large pores |
4 |
| 3b |
Frontal of zooecia
with pores only at the margins (a portion of the frontal
usually elevated as an umbo,
to which ridges extend from the margins; a small avicularium
generally present on the slope of the umbo; see also choice 130b) |
Rhamphostomella
costata |
| 4a |
Avicularia usually
present, these interzooecial and large (in some colonies, however, avicularia
are absent) (frontal of
zooecia
in larger colonies with pores arranged in several regular rows; see also
choice 65a) |
Lyrula hippocrepis |
| 4b |
Avicularia absent |
5 |
| 5a |
Ovicells absent; aperture
of zooecia with a thin,
raised collar and a central sharp tooth inside the proximal margin (see
also choice 110a) |
Cheilopora praelonga |
| 5b |
Ovicells present, these
large, globular, without pores, but with radiating rigs; proximal rim of
aperture of zooecia raised
into a peaked mound (between the aperture and the mound is an oval depression
that could be mistaken for a pore or avicularium;
see also choice 115a) |
Hippodiplosia
insculpta |
| 6a |
Colony recumbent, flexible, attached loosely to the substratum by hairlike
projections (the colony may form broad lobes or fingerlike branches) (this
choice leads to a few Cheilostomes in which the frontal
is not calcified) |
7 |
| 6b |
Colony erect (this choice leads to Cyclostomes, some Cheilostomes with
a calcified frontal, and
some Cheilostomes with a noncalcified frontal) |
11 |
| 7a |
|
|
| 7b |
|
|
| 8a |
|
|
| 8b |
|
|
| 9a |
|
|
| 9b |
|
|
| 10a |
|
|
| 10b |
|
|
| 11a |
Colony a flattened cup attached to the substratum by a narrow stalk
and small disk, and with numerous bundles of zooecialtubes
(12-20 zooecia per bundle
radiating outward from the edge of the cup) |
Discocytis canadensis |
| 11b |
Colony branching or lacy in appearance, not cuplike |
12 |
| 12a |
Colony a stiff, lacy network (live specimens usually pale orange or
salmon-orange) (Phidolopora labiata in original key) |
Phidolopora
pacifica |
| 12b |
Colony not in the form of a lacy network |
13 |
| 13a |
Cheilostomes in which at least half of the frontal
of the zooecia is not
calcified |
14 |
| 13b |
Either Cheilostomes in which most of the frontal
of the zooecia is calcified,
or Cyclostomes in which the
zooecia (generally tubular) are calcified |
30 |
| 14a |
Vibracula present
on the upper surface of the colony |
15 |
| 14b |
Vibracula absent |
17 |
| 15a |
|
|
| 15b |
|
|
| 16a |
|
|
| 16b |
|
|
| 17a |
Scutum present, curving over the frontal |
18 |
| 17b |
Scutum absent |
21 |
| 18a |
|
|
| 18b |
|
|
| 19a |
|
|
| 19b |
|
|
| 20a |
|
|
| 20b |
|
|
| 21a |
Colony branching from the upper portion of a long, jointed stalk |
22 |
| 21b |
Colony not branching from the upper portion of a long, jointed stalk |
24 |
| 22a |
|
|
| 22b |
|
|
| 23a |
|
|
| 23b |
|
|
| 24a |
Zooecia
small (about
0.4 mm long), attached to one another in pairs, back to back (colony inconspicuous) |
Synnotum aegyptiacum |
| 24b |
Zooecia not attached
to one another in pairs (if the colony is biserial,
the zooecia are more nearly
end-to-end than back-to-back) |
25 |
| 25a |
Colony multiserial,
sometimes partly recumbent;
both lateral and frontal avicularia
present |
26 |
| 25b |
Colony biserial or
multiserial,
always erect, only lateral avicularia
present |
27 |
| 26a |
|
|
| 26b |
|
|
| 27a |
Colony forming spiral whorls
(zooecia arranged biserially;
avicularia
usually of 2 sizes, attached near the middle of the zooecia;
ovicells
globular |
Bugula
californica |
| 27b |
Colony not forming spiral whorls |
28 |
| 28a |
|
|
| 28b |
|
|
| 29a |
|
|
| 29b |
|
|
| 30a |
Colony erect, solid, neither flexible nor jointed |
31 |
| 30b |
Colony consisting of calcified units connected by scleroized, flexible
joints |
38 |
| 31a |
Branches of colony generally cylindrical; apertures of the zooecia
distributed more or less evenly around the branches |
32 |
| 31b |
Branches somewhat flattened; apertures of the zooecia
circular, concentrated on one side of each branch, usually in groups of
4 or 5 (colonies variable; the branches may become attached to the substratum
or become fused to form reticulated masses) |
Diaperoecia californica |
| 32a |
Zooecia indistinct,
embedded within a cylindrical matrix |
33 |
| 32b |
Zooecia more or less
distinct, flask-shaped, attached to one another for most of their length,
but each with a long, tubular, raised peristome
(there is a pair of avicularia
on the rim of the peristome of at least some zooecia) |
Lagenipora punctulata |
| 33a |
Apertures of zooecia
distinct and with a proximal, U-shaped sinus; apertures separated from
one another by at least the width of one aperture;
operculum
present; avicularia
present |
34 |
| 33b |
Apertures of zooecia
circular, without a sinus; apertures often tightly packed, raised slightly
above or level with the surface of the branch; operculum
absent; avicularia
absent. |
36 |
| 34a |
|
|
| 34b |
|
|
| 35a |
|
|
| 35b |
|
|
| 36a |
Branches up to 5 mm in diameter |
37 |
| 36b |
Branches about 2 mm in diameter (color light, often yellow or with
yellow-tipped branches; branches rarely anastomosing) |
Heteropora alaskensis |
| 37a |
Color often gray-purple; branches rarely anastomosing;
zooecia
protruding only slightly, if at all, above the surface of the colony |
Heteropora magna |
| 37b |
Color usually yellow to gray, branches occasionally with pinkish tips;
branches frequently anastomosing;
peristomes of zooecia
sometimes distinctly protruding above the surface of the branches |
Heteropora
pacifica |
| 38a |
Zooecia somewhat boxlike,
embedded in the matrix of the colony, the frontals of the zooecia
forming the surface of the colony; aperture approximately semicircular,
with an operculum |
39 |
| 38b |
Units of the colony formed by tubular zooecia
lying against one another and becoming fused; aperture circular, without
an operculum (Order Cyclostomata) |
41 |
| 39a |
|
|
| 39b |
|
|
| 40a |
|
|
| 40b |
|
|
| 41a |
Zooecia arranged in
biserial (double) rows |
42 |
| 41b |
Zooecia arranged in
uniserial (single) rows |
45 |
| 42a |
Ooeciostome curved or bent forward |
43 |
| 42b |
Ooeciostome straight |
44 |
| 43a |
|
|
| 43b |
|
|
| 44a |
Branches of the colony curved inward or with spikelike projections
at their tips; internodes short |
Crisia occidentalis
(Cycl) |
| 44b |
Branches straight, internodes long |
Crisia maxima (Cycl) |
| 45a |
|
|
| 45b |
|
|
| 46a |
|
|
| 46b |
|
|
| 47a |
Colony consisting of creeping, adherent, stolon-like
zooecia,
the distal ends of which rise in erect tubes that have an operculum
at the aperture |
Aetea spp. |
| 47b |
Colony not stolonlike |
48 |
| 48a |
Colony consisting of simple calcified tubes fused together (secondary
calcification may obscure the tubes, but portions of them are almost always
visible at the surface of the colony); apertures usually circular, without
an operculum; with neither
avicularia
nor spines (in Disporella fembriata, the tubes end in sharp points,
but these are not spines) |
49 |
| 48b |
Colony not consisting of calcified tubes (zooecia
are more complex than simple tubes, and have an aperture on the frontal);
aperture variable, but with an operculum;
either spines or avicularia,
or both, may be present |
62 |
| 49a |
Colony uniserial, branching dichotomously at right angles |
Stomatopora granulata |
| 49b |
Colony multiserial or massive |
50 |
| 50a |
Colony disk-shaped |
51 |
| 50b |
Colony not disk-shaped (fanlike colonies may, however, grow outward
to the extent that they become almost circular) |
54 |
| 51a |
Colony large, up to 10 cm in diameter, complex, composed of subcolonies
with 8-12 radially arranged bundles of tubules (color usually deep purple) |
Disporella
separata |
| 51b |
Colony small, simple, not composed of subcolonies |
52 |
| 52a |
Ends of zooecial tubes
flaring and ending in 2-5 sharp points; pores on the surface of the colony
(not the raised apertures of the zooecial
tubes) nearly circular, not so crowded that they nearly touch one another |
Disporella fimbriata |
| 52b |
Ends of zooecial tubes
neither flaring nor ending in 2 or more sharp points; pores (or calcified
porelike structures) on the surface of the colony irregular in form and
size, and sometimes so crowded as to nearly touch each other |
53 |
| 53a |
Elevated tubular portions of the zooecia
arranged in radiating, uniserial rows, the tubes adhering to one another
up to their tips |
Lichenopora
novae-zelandiae |
| 53b |
Elevated tubular portions of the zooecia
not arranged in regular, radiating rows over the entire colony (the tubes
in the central portion may be so arranged, however), and not adhering to
one another up to their tips |
Lichenopora
verrucaria |
| 54a |
Colony consisting of straplike branches that adhere tightly to the
substratum for most of their length |
55 |
| 54b |
Colony growing outward in such a way that it produces one or more fan-shaped
lobes |
58 |
| 55a |
|
|
| 55b |
|
|
| 56a |
|
|
| 56b |
|
|
| 57a |
|
|
| 57b |
|
|
| 58a |
Colony with zooecia
of 2 distinct sizes, the smaller tubes being about one-fourth the diameter
of the larger tubes, and usually adnate
on the larger tubes; ovicells
inflated; ooeciostome
isolated, not attached to a peristome, more or less central on the ovicell |
Diplosolen obelium |
| 58b |
Zooecial tubes generally
of 1 size; ovicells variable, not necessarily inflated; ooeciostome
usually at the edge of the ovicell
and may be attached to the side of a peristome |
59 |
| 59a |
Peristomes never arranged in bundles or rows; ooeciostome
short, located on the distal edge of the ovicell,
free from the peristome, its aperture
circular, 60-80 microns in diameter |
Plagioecia patina |
| 59b |
Peristomes often arranged in bundles or rows; ooeciostome
at the side of a zooecial
tube, its aperture not circular |
60 |
| 60a |
|
|
| 60b |
|
|
| 61a |
|
|
| 61b |
|
|
| 62a |
Pores on the frontal
of the zooecia arranged
in a series of parallel rows (the pores are formed by incomplete fusion
of spines that extend across the zooecia;
in some species there are pores on the ovicells but not on the zooecia,
so be sure you are looking at zooecia) |
63 |
| 62b |
Zooecia with or without
pores on the frontal (if
pores are present, they are not in distinct rows) |
69 |
| 63a |
With avicularia
(these may be irregularly distributed and are sometimes absent from the
entire colony, or at least from portions of it) |
64 |
| 63b |
Without avicularia |
66 |
| 64a |
|
|
| 64b |
|
|
| 65a |
|
|
| 65b |
|
|
| 66a |
Frontal spines fused
for their entire length, forming complete and regular series of pores |
67 |
| 66b |
Frontal spines not
fusing completely on the midline, so that uneven gaps rather than regular
pores are formed |
Cribrilina corbicula |
| 67a |
With an umbo on the proximal
border of the aperture;
2 stout spines present on each side of the aperture
and 2 similar ones situated at the distal corners; ovicells
small |
Cribrilina annulata |
| 67b |
Without a pronounced umbo
on the proximal border of the aperture;
if apertural spines are
present, there are only two. Ovicells
are prominent. |
68 |
| 68a |
Pores arranged in transverse series across the frontal;
a short, often bifurcate
spine sometimes present on both sides of the frontal. |
Reginella
furcata |
| 68b |
Pores arranged in series radiating from the center of the frontal;
frontal
glossy, without spines next to the aperture
(in older speciment, the proximal border of the aperture
is often thickened to form a low umbo) |
Reginella nitida |
| 69a |
Less than half of the frontal
calcified, leaving a large membranous area either exposed or protected
only by spines. |
70 |
| 69b |
More than three-fourths of the frontal
calcified |
89 |
| 70a |
Zooecia without distinct
spines (in certain species, however, there are some small spines on the
frontal, at least at its distal corners (photo);
do not confuse a pointed tooth on the midline with a spine) |
71 |
| 70b |
Zooecia with relatively
stout spines along the margins (the spines may be absent, however, in some
portions of the colony) |
77 |
| 71a |
Avicularia absent |
72 |
| 71b |
Avicularia present,
but these are interzooecial |
75 |
| 72a |
Zooecia rectangular |
73 |
| 72b |
Zooecia oval |
74 |
| 73a |
Zooecia elongate rectangles
with thin walls (the margins often slightly serrated); occasionally with
hollow spines or knobs at the distal corners (photo)
(sclerotized spinules may be present on the frontal, colonies usually encrusting
on large algal fronds) |
Membranipora
membranacea |
| 73b |
Zooecia usually elongate
rectangles (but sometimes short and broad), their walls heavily calcified
and granular; proximal corners often closed off to form 2 triangular regions
that may be membranous or knoblike and that may fuse to form a single knob |
Conopeum reticulatum |
| 74a |
|
|
| 74b |
|
|
| 75a |
|
|
| 75b |
|
|
| 76a |
|
|
| 76b |
|
|
| 77a |
Lateral spines branching, resembling miniature antlers, distal spines
straight or occasionally bifid |
78 |
| 77b |
Spines not branching |
79 |
| 78a |
|
|
| 78b |
|
|
| 79a |
Avicularia stalked,
tall, slender, with a narrow base (photo),
distributed more or less sparsely among the lateral spines (avicularia
are sometimes lacking altogether, however); ovicells
either absent or so deeply embedded that they are not evident |
80 |
| 79b |
Avicularia not
stalked; ovicells prominent |
82 |
| 80a |
Zooecia separated
by deep or wide grooves |
81 |
| 80b |
Zooecia crowded, not
separated by grooves |
Cauloramphus
spiniferum |
| 81a |
With 2 pairs of stout and erect distal spines, the other spines pointed
and curved markedly over the membranous frontal
(spines usually brown) |
Cauloramphus
brunea |
| 81b |
With a pair of distal spines directed forward, the other spines curving
slightly over the frontal
(all spines slender) |
Cauloramphus echinus |
| 82a |
Zooecia with long
spines only on the portion distal to the aperture; usually with an avicularium
distal to the aperture; ovicells with 1 or 2 small triangular avicularia;
membranous portion of the frontal
occupying less than two-thirds of the surface |
83 |
| 82b |
Zooecia with spines
lateral to the aperture; small avicularia
interzooecial or close to the lateral or proximal margins of th aperture;
avicularia
on the ovicells variable, but sometimes large, oblong, pointed; membranous
portion of the frontal
occupying more than two-thirds of the surface |
84 |
| 83a |
Zooecia about 0.7-0.85
mm long; spines straight, extending forward from the distal rim; colony
encrusting, but loosely attached |
Chapperiella
patula |
| 83b |
Zooecia about 0.6
mm long; most nearly proximal pair of spines curving down over the frontal;
colony tightly encrusting on a variety of substrata, including small worm
tubes |
Chapperiella
condylata |
| 84a |
Frontal entirely membranous |
85 |
| 84b |
Frontal with narrow
calcified shelf extending inward from the rim |
87 |
| 85a |
Only proximal avicularia
present, these single or paired |
86 |
| 85b |
Both proximal and lateral avicularia
present (inner margin of the zooecial
rim faintly toothed) |
Callopora
armata |
| 86a |
Zooecia separated
by wide grooves, the deepest prtions of these with large pores |
Callopora
circumclathrata |
| 86b |
Grooves between zooecia
narrow and without pores |
Callopora
horrida |
| 87a |
|
|
| 87b |
|
|
| 88a |
|
|
| 88b |
|
|
| 89a |
Zooecia with pores
distributed over most of the frontal
(be sure you are looking at the zooecia, not the ovicells,
which may have pores when the zooecia
do not) |
90 |
| 89b |
Zooecia either without
pores or with pores in a line around the edge of the frontal |
119 |
| 90a |
With an ascopore (a
distinct pore on the midline proximal to the aperture; it is the opening
to the ascus, a compensation
sac beneath the calcified frontal) |
91 |
| 90b |
Without an ascopore |
97 |
| 91a |
|
|
| 91b |
|
|
| 92a |
|
|
| 92b |
|
|
| 93a |
|
|
| 93b |
|
|
| 94a |
|
|
| 94b |
|
|
| 95a |
|
|
| 95b |
|
|
| 96a |
|
|
| 96b |
|
|
| 97a |
With avicularia |
98 |
| 97b |
Without avicularia |
110 |
| 98a |
|
|
| 98b |
|
|
| 99a |
|
|
| 99b |
|
|
| 100a |
|
|
| 100b |
|
|
| 101a |
|
|
| 101b |
|
|
| 102a |
|
|
| 102b |
|
|
| 103a |
|
|
| 103b |
|
|
| 104a |
|
|
| 104b |
|
|
| 105a |
|
|
| 105b |
|
|
| 106a |
|
|
| 106b |
|
|
| 107a |
|
|
| 107b |
|
|
| 108a |
|
|
| 108b |
|
|
| 109a |
|
|
| 109b |
|
|
| 110a |
Aperture with a pointed proximal tooth (ovicells
absent) |
Cheilopora praelonga |
| 110b |
Aperture without a pointed proximal tooth |
111 |
| 111a |
With a U-shaped or V-shaped sinus on the proximal rim of the aperture |
112 |
| 111b |
Without a U-shaped or V-shaped sinus on the proximal rim of the aperture |
115 |
| 112a |
|
|
| 112b |
|
|
| 113a |
|
|
| 113b |
|
|
| 114a |
|
|
| 114b |
|
|
| 115a |
Ovicells
without pores,
but with conspicuous radial ribs; proximal rim of the aperture raised up
in an umbo, a deep transverse
depression separating the peak of the umbo
from the aperture(colony usually yellow to yellow-brown, growing in double
sheets) |
Hippodiplosia
insculpta |
| 115b |
Ovicells with pores;
frontal with neither an umbo
nor a depression |
116 |
| 116a |
|
|
| 116b |
|
|
| 117a |
|
|
| 117b |
|
|
| 118a |
|
|
| 118b |
|
|
| 119a |
|
|
| 119b |
|
|
| 120a |
|
|
| 120b |
|
|
| 121a |
|
|
| 121b |
|
|
| 122a |
|
|
| 122b |
|
|
| 123a |
|
|
| 123b |
|
|
| 124a |
|
|
| 124b |
|
|
| 125a |
|
|
| 125b |
|
|
| 126a |
|
|
| 126b |
|
|
| 127a |
|
|
| 127b |
|
|
| 128a |
|
|
| 128b |
|
|
| 129a |
|
|
| 129b |
|
|
| 130a |
|
|
| 130b |
|
|
| 131a |
|
|
| 131b |
|
|
| 132a |
|
|
| 132b |
|
|
| 133a |
|
|
| 133b |
|
|
| 134a |
|
|
| 134b |
|
|
| 135a |
|
|
| 135b |
|
|
| 136a |
|
|
| 136b |
|
|