| 1a |
Without spicules
(other than a few from other sponges that may have been incorporated
into
the mass); thin encrustatations, slippery to the touch unless they
contain
sand |
2 |
| 1b |
With spicules;
growth
form various, but usually with a surface that resembles felt (but if
smooth,
it is rarely slippery) |
6 |
| 2a |
|
|
| 2b |
|
|
| 3a |
|
|
| 3b |
|
|
| 4a |
|
|
| 4b |
|
|
| 5a |
|
|
| 5b |
|
|
| 6a |
Boring in shells of molluscs and barnacles, with
exposed portions generally
being small, circular patches (bright red to dull yellow) |
7 |
| 6b |
Not boring in shells |
10 |
| 7a |
With tylostyles
and
microscleres |
8 |
| 7b |
With tylostyles,
but without microscleres |
9 |
| 8a |
|
|
| 8b |
|
|
| 9a |
Tylostyles
200-310
microns long (Cliona celata subsp californiana
in key) |
Cliona
californiana |
| 9b |
Tylostyles
420-570
microns long |
Cliona similar to warreni |
| 10a |
Unattached and containing a hermit crab (picture)
(large tylostyles
250-524
microns, small tylostyles
[may be absent] 90-150 microns; tylostrongyles
[blunt-ended tylostyles]
135-350 microns; centrotylotemicrostrongyles
[if present] 20-50 microns) |
Suberites
?suberea forma latus |
| 10b |
Attached to a substratum |
11 |
| 11a |
Encrusting valves of free-living scallops |
12 |
| 11b |
Attached to an immobile substratum |
13 |
| 12a |
Yellow-brown to violet; styles 290-360 microns long (palmateanisochelas
of 2 sizes: 15-40 microns and 60-75 microns; sigmas
35-65 microns) |
Mycale
adhaerens |
| 12b |
Gold to gold-brown; acanthostyles
200-270 microns (tornotes
160-250 microns; tridentate isoanchors
of 2 sizes; 15-20 microns and 35-70 microns; sigmas
25-53 microns) |
Myxilla
incrustans |
| 13a |
Erect, the attached portion narrow |
14 |
| 13b |
Not as described in choice 13a (if erect, the attached
portion is broad) |
26 |
| 14a |
Erect, with a central stem and small filiform
lateral branches similar to those on a small bottle brush (white, up to
7 cm high; styles 410-680 microns and about 1400 microns; palmateanisochelas
13 microns;
forceps
32
microns) |
Asbestopluma occidentalus |
| 14b |
Tubular, fingerlike, or resembling a funnel |
15 |
| 15a |
Unbranched (occasionally bifurcated,
however) Caution: early growth stages of branched species
(choice
15b) may be unbranched. |
16 |
| 15b |
Erect and with long, fingerlike or bladelike branches
that may anastomose |
20 |
| 16a |
Funnel-shaped or in the form of a hollow tube |
17 |
| 16b |
Fingerlike, not hollow (there may be more than one
growth form) (yellow-brown
or light brown to violet, styles 275-370 microns, palmate anisochelas
15-37
microns and 59-74 microns) |
Mycale
adhaerens |
| 17a |
Funnel-shaped or tubular, on a narrow stalk that is
more than one-fourth
the total height |
18 |
| 17b |
Funnel-shaped, without a stalk or with only a short
stalk |
19 |
| 18a |
Surface smooth; usually funnel-shaped; sometimes
tubular, occasionally
bifurcated; cream to orange-brown; styles to subtylostyles 200-450
microns,
shorter in the stalk |
Stylissa
stipitata |
| 18b |
Surface rugose; strictly funnel-shaped; cream to light
brown, styles
240-500 microns, shorter in the stalk |
Phakettia close to beringensis |
| 19a |
|
|
| 19b |
|
|
| 20a |
White or cream to yellow |
21 |
| 20b |
Dark brown, tan, red-orange, or red |
22 |
| 21a |
Cream to yellow, surface smooth, hard (styles
to subtylostyles
230-820
microns) |
?Syringella
amphispicula |
| 21b |
White, turning black in alcohol; surface soft and
compressible (acanthostyles
230-320 microns; subtylotes
235-280 microns; palmateisochelas
20-40 microns, petaloid bipocillons
14-18 microns) |
Iophon cheliver var californiana |
| 22a |
|
|
| 22b |
|
|
| 23a |
|
|
| 23b |
|
|
| 24a |
|
|
| 24b |
|
|
| 25a |
|
|
| 25b |
|
|
| 26a |
Sponge spherical or nearly so |
27 |
| 26b |
Sponge forming a thin to thick encrustation or a
hemispherical mass,
but not spherical |
32 |
| 27a |
Firm, unyielding (use a probe rather than the fingers),
with abundant
spicules protruding from the surface |
28 |
| 27b |
Soft, deformable, without obvious spicules protruding
from the surface |
30 |
| 28a |
Surface under the plush of spicules having the
appearance of being
made of paving stones (this can be seen with a strong hand lens); color
white to dirty beige (sterrasters forming the surface layer 82-110
microns,
small oxeas 150-600 microns, large oxeas 2-8 mm, orthotriaenes 1.5-8
mm,
with rays bifurcated in some; protriaenes 2-17 mm; anatriaenes 4-23 mm;
oxyasters 11-54 microns, oxyspherasters 6-32 microns, strongylasters
5-11
microns |
Geodia
mesotriaena |
| 28b |
Surface under the plush of spicules appearing smooth
when viewed with
a strong hand lens; color grey to dirty white |
29 |
| 29a |
|
|
| 29b |
|
|
| 30a |
|
|
| 30b |
|
|
| 31a |
|
|
| 31b |
|
|
| 32a |
Forming a thick, broadly attached mass, often tending
toward the shape
or an irregular or oblate
hemisphere (color white to yellow or yellow-brown) |
33 |
| 32b |
Forming a thick or thin encrustacean, not tending
toward the shape
of an irregular hemisphere |
42 |
| 33a |
With prominent nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances,
these terminating
in open oscula when expanded but appearing rounded or pointed when
contracted |
34 |
| 33b |
Without nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances (there
may, however,
be a few oscula on chimneys in Merriamum oxeata,
choice 39b) |
35 |
| 34a |
|
|
| 34b |
|
|
| 35a |
Surface distinctly hispid because of projecting spicules |
36 |
| 35b |
Surface smooth to rugose, but not hispid |
37 |
| 36a |
Surface beneath the plush of spicules having the
appearance of being
made of paving stones when viewed with a strong hand lens; color white
to dirty beige (see also choices 28a and 109a) |
Geodia
mesotriaena and
Geodinella robusta |
| 36b |
Surface beneath the plush of spicules not having the
appearance of
being made of paving stones; dirty white (oxeas 1400-3500 microns or
larger;
ortho-, plagio-, dichotriaenes 1400-3500 microns; anatrienes 110-2000
microns;
oxyasters-strongylasters 9-15 microns; "grains" 3 microns; no
sterrasters
forming the surface layer) |
Stellata clarella |
| 37a |
|
|
| 37b |
|
|
| 38a |
|
|
| 38b |
|
|
| 39a |
|
|
| 39b |
|
|
| 40a |
|
|
| 40b |
|
|
| 41a |
|
|
| 41b |
|
|
| 42a |
Encrusting base with long (greater than 1 cm), well
defined, erect,
nonbranching projections other than those terminating in a single osculum |
43 |
| 42b |
Encrusting and either without long projections or only
with nipplelike
or fingerlike protuberances that terminate in an osculum |
48 |
| 43a |
|
|
| 43b |
|
|
| 44a |
|
|
| 44b |
|
|
| 45a |
|
|
| 45b |
|
|
| 46a |
|
|
| 46b |
|
|
| 47a |
|
|
| 47b |
|
|
| 48a |
Nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances of a different
color from the
encrusting base |
49 |
| 48b |
Protuberances, where present, the same color as the
encrusting base |
51 |
| 49a |
|
|
| 49b |
|
|
| 50a |
|
|
| 50b |
|
|
| 51a |
Encrustation moderately to very thick (greater than 4
mm) and with
a firm to almost stony exoskeleton (use probe, not fingers!) |
52 |
| 51b |
Encrustation either thin (less than 4 mm) or, if thick,
at least moderately
spongy |
61 |
| 52a |
|
|
| 52b |
|
|
| 53a |
|
|
| 53b |
|
|
| 54a |
|
|
| 54b |
|
|
| 55a |
|
|
| 55b |
|
|
| 56a |
|
|
| 56b |
|
|
| 57a |
|
|
| 57b |
|
|
| 58a |
|
|
| 58b |
|
|
| 59a |
|
|
| 59b |
|
|
| 60a |
|
|
| 60b |
|
|
| 61 |
Note there are 7 choices for this couplet: |
|
| 61a |
Color green or green with yellow areas |
62 |
| 61b |
Color blue or gray-blue (sometimes light orange in Hymenamphiastra
cyanocrypta, choice 63a) |
63 |
| 61c |
Color lavender, violet-blue, pinkish purple, purple, or
mahogany (sometimes
yellow-tan in ?Stylophus arndti, choice 65b;
sometimes buff in Haliclona
?ecbasis, choice 68a; sometimes dull tan
in Haliclona
close to permollis, choice 68b |
64 |
| 61d |
Color white to ivory |
69 |
| 61e |
Color salmon-pink, rust-pink, red, brick-red, scarlet,
red-orange,
yellow-orange, or orange-brown |
71 |
| 61f |
Color clear yellow or sulphur-yellow (megascleres
consisting of tylostyles) |
Cliona sp |
| 61g |
Color dull yellow, yellow-brown, buff, or brown
(sometimes lavender,
pinkish purple, purple, yellow, or yellow-orange in certain species
that
do not have microscleres,
couplets 94 and 95) |
89 |
| 62a |
|
|
| 62b |
|
|
| 63a |
|
|
| 63b |
|
|
| 64a |
Megascleres
consisting
of styles
or acantho-subtylostyles
and tylotes
to subtylotes |
65 |
| 64b |
Megascleres
limited
to oxeas |
66 |
| 65a |
|
|
| 65b |
|
|
| 66a |
Spicules
consisting
of oxeas
200-240 microns and
sigmas 34-39 microns (lavender) |
Sigmadocia spp |
| 66b |
Spicules
consisting
of oxeas
only |
67 |
| 67a |
Surface layer removable in flakes (pale translucent
lavender; oxeas
92-170 microns) |
Adocia gellindra |
| 67b |
Surface layer not removable in flakes |
68 |
| 68a |
Oxeas
75-105 microns,
purple, pinkish purple, to lavender, but in shaded locations becoming
partly
or totally buff; growth form varying from thin encrustations in which
the
oscula
are flush with the surface to thick encrustations with oscula
on chimneys (picture)
(on
floats in protected areas and in the intertidal region on protected to
exposed coasts; may include H. permollis of de
Laubenfels, 1961
and ?Haliclona sp. A of Hartman, 1975 in Light's
Manual) |
Haliclona
?ecbasis |
| 68b |
Oxeas
125-175 microns,
lavender or dull tan, oscula
never on chimneys |
Haliclona close to permollis |
| 69a |
|
|
| 69b |
|
|
| 70a |
|
|
| 70b |
|
|
| 71a |
|
|
| 71b |
|
|
| 72a |
|
|
| 72b |
|
|
| 73a |
|
|
| 73b |
|
|
| 74a |
|
|
| 74b |
|
|
| 75a |
|
|
| 75b |
|
|
| 76a |
|
|
| 76b |
|
|
| 77a |
|
|
| 77b |
|
|
| 78a |
|
|
| 78b |
|
|
| 79a |
|
|
| 79b |
|
|
| 80a |
|
|
| 80b |
|
|
| 81a |
|
|
| 81b |
|
|
| 82a |
|
|
| 82b |
|
|
| 83a |
|
|
| 83b |
|
|
| 84a |
|
|
| 84b |
|
|
| 85a |
|
|
| 85b |
|
|
| 86a |
|
|
| 86b |
|
|
| 87a |
|
|
| 87b |
|
|
| 88a |
|
|
| 88b |
|
|
| 89a |
|
|
| 89b |
|
|
| 90a |
|
|
| 90b |
|
|
| 91a |
|
|
| 91b |
|
|
| 92a |
|
|
| 92b |
|
|
| 93a |
|
|
| 93b |
|
|
| 94a |
|
|
| 94b |
|
|
| 95a |
|
|
| 95b |
|
|
| 96a |
|
|
| 96b |
|
|
| 97a |
|
|
| 97b |
|
|
| 98a |
|
|
| 98b |
|
|
| 99a |
|
|
| 99b |
|
|
| 100a |
|
|
| 100b |
|
|
| 101a |
|
|
| 101b |
|
|
| 102a |
|
|
| 102b |
|
|
| 103a |
|
|
| 103b |
|
|
| 104a |
|
|
| 104b |
|
|
| 105a |
|
|
| 105b |
|
|
| 106a |
|
|
| 106b |
|
|
| 107a |
|
|
| 107b |
|
|
| 108a |
|
|
| 108b |
|
|
| 109a |
|
|
| 109b |
|
|
| 110a |
|
|
| 110b |
|
|
| 111a |
|
|
| 111b |
|
|
| 112a |
|
|
| 112b |
|
|
| 113a |
|
|
| 113b |
|
|
| 114a |
|
|
| 114b |
|
|
| 115a |
|
|
| 115b |
|
|
| 116a |
|
|
| 116b |
|
|
| 117a |
|
|
| 117b |
|
|
| 118a |
|
|
| 118b |
|
|
| 119a |
|
|
| 119b |
|
|
| 120a |
|
|
| 120b |
|
|
| 121a |
|
|
| 121b |
|
|
| 122a |
|
|
| 122b |
|
|
| 123a |
|
|
| 123b |
|
|
| 124a |
|
|
| 124b |
|
|
| 125a |
|
|
| 125b |
|
|
| 126a |
|
|
| 126b |
|
|
| 127a |
|
|
| 127b |
|
|
